Komeo and Ouliet act 1 scene 5 evaluation Essay

Act 1 scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet takes place in the house of lord and lady Capulet during the preparations for the Juliet’s engagement party and during the party its self. It is where Romeo and Juliet first meet before they realise who each other are and after they find out about each other. It is the basis of the whole play it is where Romeo and Juliet meet and fall in love with each other, it is where tybalt develops a grudge for Romeo â€Å"I will withdraw: but this intrusion shall now seeming sweet convent to bitter gall† this quote shows that he will not take any action for now but will do something later on. Shakespeare uses this party as a backdrop to what is arguably one of the most important scenes in the play because there it creates a atmosphere of tension and love, all the major events that happen later in the play can be traced back to this moment from Romeos banishment to Juliet drinking the poison to both of there deaths. This scene begins with the servants running around in a panic trying to get ready for the up coming party they are also in a panic because they cannot find potpan who is another servant â€Å"where’s potpan that he helps not to take away† this quote shows that they are very frustrated with the preparations for the party this is further reinforced by there constant use of short sentences and blunt orders e. g. â€Å"Away with the joint stools, remove the court cupboard†. Parties were traditionally used as settings for important events in many dramas at the time Shakespeare was writing Romeo and Juliet and as such the audience would be anticipating an exciting or important event so the scene would be set for the star-crossed lovers to meet. As Lord Capulet and Juliet enters the room Shakespeare changes the focus from the servants to Lord Capulet welcoming his guests it is at this point that the audience is beginning that something pivotal is about to happen. He is in a very jovial mood wanting people to dance with him â€Å"Ladies that have their toes unplagued with corns will have a bout about you, which of you will now deny a dance†. The audience is now expecting something important to happen because there are many actors on a very busy stage all dressed in extravagant costumes. After Capulet is done welcoming his guests the viewpoint switches to Romeo as he starts talking to one of the serving men asking about Juliet, This is a point of immense dramatic irony as Romeo begins to fall in love with Juliet before he even knows who she is and that she is the daughter of his family’s greatest enemy and the audience begins to get an ominous feeling as they know that this love can only end in tragedy, In his soliloquy Romeo uses many forms of imagery to describe Juliet such as â€Å"snowy dove trooping with crows† the snowy dove indicates beauty and grace where as the crows mean ugliness so the quote implies that Juliet is the one drop of beauty in a cloud of ugliness and also â€Å"she doth teach the torches to burn bright† it shows that compared to everything else she shines out like a star against the blackness of space And â€Å"And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand† means that until he touched her hand he was dirty and ugly but since he touched her hand he has felt blessed and clean. The above quotes show that his love for Juliet is true love and will never be extinguished and not just a passing lust as was his love for Rosaline, which was more of a circumstancuial lust. When Tybalt hears Romeos voice he is immediately angered to the point in which he wants to kill him â€Å"This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy† and â€Å"to strike him dead I hold it not a sin† it means that he finds it ok and not sinful to kill Romeo because he is doing in for his family’s honour and so it would be ok in the eyes of god. The audience will now start to get worried about Romeos safety and would be concerned about for the future of him and Juliet But as Lord Capulet hears him storming about Romeo he ask what is a matter â€Å"why how now kinsman wherefore storm you so? † Tybalt then tells him that Romeo is at the party â€Å"uncle this is a Montague, our foe a villain that is hither come in spite to scorn at our solemnity this night† but then Capulet tell him that he doesn’t want his party ruined by violence and to let him stay â€Å"let him alone he bares him a portly gentleman† and â€Å"he shall be endured what, Goodman boy! I say, he shall: go to, am I the master here or you? † this last quote is more of a threat not to ruin the party and to leave him be than an order to leave him alone. When he accepts his uncle’s wishes he says â€Å"I will withdraw but this intrusion shall now seeming sweet convent to bitter gall† this implies that he will let Romeo go for now but sooner or later there conflict will have to come to violence. It is now that Shakespeare switches again to the viewpoint of Romeo as he starts talking to Juliet it is at this point that the audience know that they are both about to fall in love but as Juliet talk they do not yet know that they are both from enemy family’s and that there love will never be allowed, but as Romeo proclaims his love for Juliet â€Å"if I profane with my unworthiness hand this holy shrine, the gentle fine is my lips, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss† it is from this point on that the audience know that the two are destined to be lovers but that they are both doomed to death. It is at this point that the nurse comes and takes Juliet away telling her that her mother needs a word with her â€Å"madam, your mother craves a word with you it is here that the nurse informs Juliet that Romeo is a Montague â€Å"his name is Romeo, and a Montague the only son of your great enemy† the audience may now begin to understand the future complications that may arise as there true identities are brought into the light such as the problem of the nurse having to go with Juliet to all her meetings thus making it impossible to do anything in secret. The party comes to an end as all the guests begin to leave Lord Capulet is disappointed that the guests are leaving â€Å"Nay gentlemen, prepare not to be gone we have a trifling foolish banquet towards† but he is still in good sprits after the party even after his argument with Tybalt â€Å"I thank you honest gentlemen; goodnight, more torches here come on lets to bed† it is here that all the other characters exit the stage leaving only Juliet and the nurse onstage with the audience expecting the climax of the scene when Juliet discovers who Romeo really is Shakespeare. Makes use of dramatic irony very well in this scene leaving it until the very end of the scene to divulge the information to Juliet as she finds out of his true identity â€Å"his name is Romeo he is a Montague the only son of your great enemy† she uses several oxymoron’s to get her shock and heart ache across to the audience â€Å"my only love sprung from my true hate† if she truly hated him how could she ever love him? â€Å"To early seen unknown and known too late† meaning if she had know who he was from the start she may never of fallen in love with him but now she has fallen in love it doesn’t matter who he is, this dramatic end shows that she loves him so much and that he loves her that they will do anything to be together even if it means upsetting there families or leading to her eventual death as it eventually does. This scene is central to the rest of the play because without this scene they would never of met and every major event in the play depends on them meeting such as when he climbs under her balcony and stating the immortal words. â€Å"Romeo, Romeo, where fort art thou Romeo† to the wedding through to Romeos exile and to both of there eventual deaths. In my opinion this scene makes very good use of dramatic irony using in perpetuity throughout the scene.

Seventeen and Maybelline

Talisha Jackson Professor Benjamin Foster Writing 121 10/29/2012 Seventeen and Maybelline Seventeen is a cheap, popular magazine whose pages are full of various fashion or cosmetic tips, articles, and advertisements. Seventeen also focuses on the unknown details of popular stars, movies, celebrities and television shows. Maybelline Cosmetics is a well-known, expensive brand of makeup which is owned by L’Oreal. I will be analyzing both the Seventeen magazine and a Maybelline advertisement, to decide if the particular ad could be placed in the magazine.On the cover of the 2012 August edition of Seventeen is the Filipino actress Shay Mitchell. She is shown smiling while leaning against a white wall her arms are firmly crossed in front of her, showing off her blue bracelets and ring. Her brown hair is being blown back by an unknown force, revealing her blue and purple earrings which match her bracelets, purple lopsided shirt and purple flower patterned denim jeans. Right next to S hay in bold teal letters is the television series she’s in â€Å"Pretty Little Liars†, and under that in smaller plain text, is â€Å"Spoiler Alert! The wild plot twist she didn’t even see coming. Shay’s head is slightly covering the magazine’s title â€Å"Seventeen†, and surrounding her are the main topics of this edition. Such as: â€Å"Redo-Your-Room—For Free†, â€Å"Back-To-School Preview†, â€Å"805 Fashion & Beauty Ideas†, â€Å"Free nail polish†, â€Å"Best Jeans for your Body & Budget†, and â€Å"The Guy’s Secret Thoughts (what he’s not telling you)†. They’ve also posted the URL for their website in small orange print at the bottom right corner. August is the month where most students in high school or college are getting ready for going back to school, or are already back in school.Three of the main articles in this edition are about cheap ways to redo your entir e appearance. The ‘Back to School Preview’ article is full of pictures of women who are promoting make-up or hair products, and telling the readers ways to achieve these unique styles and what to buy. Such as the Hot Chocolate style â€Å"Upgrade your everyday earth tones with rich chocolaty color on eyes and lips. You get an A+ when the finish is matte. † The article tells the reader to buy MAC Pro Longwear ($20) and NARS Pure Matte Lipstick ($25) n order to achieve this look. Judging by the time this edition came out, some of the main topics, and the fact that this section of the article tells the reader that she’ll get â€Å"An A+ when the finish is matte† is safe to say that this magazine targets women in high school through college who want to get the best deals on clothing/cosmetic products and are interested in changing their look. Unlike most magazines, Seventeen does not have a table of contents. It does, however, number its pages which tot als up to 175 pages.Within these pages are advertisements for cosmetic products such as Covergirl, Maybelline, Pantene, and NYC. Covergirl dominants these with 5 full page ads, two of which are located in the first couple pages of the magazine. Pantene and Maybelline aren’t too far behind with 2 full page ads each, and NYC is in last place with 1 full page ad. The first thing you see when you open the magazine is the CoverGirl ad for their ‘Clean’ brand of cosmetics. This ad features Taylor Swift, whose skin looks gray and contrasts with her bright blue eyes and salmon colored pink lips.In quotations under Taylor is â€Å"why do I love clean? Because it’s sensitive to my skin† and under that a small description of the product. The other cosmetic ads are similar only promoting other products like eye shadow, mascara, primer, nail polish, etc. The cosmetic advertisements within the magazine itself reveal that the readers are interested in make-up, but only products which enhance their features and hide their blemishes’. Seventeen attempts to incorporate all different kinds of young women into their magazine.In the first 51 pages alone they have 49 models who are a minority, and 58 who are Caucasian. These models claim almost equal time as both the main model in the advertisement and as the supporting models. This edition of Seventeen doesn’t include one article or advertisement promoting weight loss or any form of dieting. Instead they have a small article written by an editor who promises that the Seventeen magazine will â€Å"not edit a model’s face or body†, â€Å"always features models who are real and healthy looking†, and to† celebrate all different types of bodies and people†.Although skinny models dominant the magazine itself, models of all different shapes and sizes have their place somewhere in its pages. Seventeen includes everyone in its pages, and caters to any type of young women who is into fashion. The women are not the only thing that ranges. Being a cheap magazine, Seventeen’s advertisements promote not only expensive brands such as Express and American Eagle but cheaper brands such as Target and Jcpenny.One of their main articles is about shopping for jeans on a budget, which delivers the readers some options for picking out jeans to match their funds. This ‘article’ is seven pages long, shows seven different brands of jeans and how much they cost. In the Aeropostale ad they show three women running arm and arm. The first female on the left of the ad is wearing floral jeans, the girl in the middle is wearing acid green skinny jeans and the last girl is wearing coral colored skinny jeans.All of those jeans cost around $25, while the adjacent ad’s jeans average around $55. Throughout the magazine, Seventeen has also added in several coupons, like buying a pair of Aeropostale jeans for $20, and another one for 20% off your entire purchase at Bed, Bath, and Beyond. They’ve also placed a coupon for free mini nail polish, and tips on how to redecorate their room for free. These show that the readers of the magazine include people from all different income levels and don’t cater to one particular income level.Advertisement is a multi-billion dollar industry which is always looking for new ways to sell the consumers a product they usually don’t need. It plays with the consumer’s wants, needs, fantasies, and insecurities to market their item, while promising that it’ll be faster, better, and more efficient than the rest. When pertaining women fashion, dieting and cosmetic products dominant much of the advertising world. The advertisements promise that if the readers wear this particular item, or use these products they’ll be attractive. The Maybelline New York advertisements’ are no different.This particular ad for Maybelline presents their new lineup o f anti-aging products, named â€Å"Instant Age Rewind†. The advertisement plays with the whole minimal effect by not including a model, not having a background and not adding any words other than the ones on the make-ups’ packaging. This in terms draws the reader’s eyes to only their products, and allows the reader to come up with their own descriptions. They probably went this way since their original â€Å"Age Rewind† advertisement was banned in the UK, for their model looking perfect through the use of Photoshop.On every bottle or tube of the five â€Å"Age Rewind† products, clearly displaces the words â€Å"Instant† and the word â€Å"New†. The word Instant promises that the effect will happen instantaneously. That as soon as the customer puts the product on their face, they’ll instantly look younger. The word new either means that this is an entirely new product, or a slight modification of a previous product. Other than à ¢â‚¬Å"New†, there is no other weasel word, which means that the product promises to instantly make the customer appear younger, and not â€Å"Virtually instant†.Both of these words will help market their product by promising the readers a brand new product which will instantly make them look younger. In the ad the five â€Å"Age Rewind† products are lined up left to right, starting with the â€Å"Finishing Powder†, then the â€Å"Skin Transforming Primer†, â€Å"The Eraser†, â€Å"Radiant Firming Makeup†, and ending with the â€Å"Conceal†. Just by reading the names of the products, you already have a slight perception of what the product is suppose to do. The â€Å"Skin Transforming Primer† is supposed to hide every blemish, wrinkle, and age spot while making the customer look younger. The Eraser† is supposed to ‘erase’ all of the blemishes hopefully permanently, and the â€Å"Radiant Firming Makeupâ €  is supposed to firm the consumers face while giving it a radiant glow. Whether these products do this or not, the titles themselves is enough to sell to people who want to look younger. All of these products are either packaged in glass or plastic, with a burgundy colored plastic lid, top, or cover. The burgundy color helps attract the attention of possible customers, while standing out from the rest of the cosmetic products, which are normally red, yellow, or purple.Burgundy is a more mature color than most of the other color choices, which will help in attracting the older generation of women. Maybelline’s â€Å"Instant Age Rewind† products are aimed at the older generation of women who want to reverse time and look younger. The Anti-aging products are aimed at women in their late 30s and beyond. The ad will not fit in with the Seventeen magazine, which is aimed at women in their late teens to early twenties. Seventeen’s readers are more worried about hi ding pimples rather than turning back the wrinkles they don’t have. Therefore this will not be a product they’re interested in.

Philadelphia family Essay

Born in 1856 into a wealthy Philadelphia family, Taylor disappointed his parents by working in a metal products factory, first as a machinist and next as a foreman. Shocked at the factory’s inefficiency, and the practice of its skilled workers of purposely working slowly. As an engineer he was more interested in the practical outcome and not the psychology Taylor proposed solutions that he believed would solve both problems. By studying the time it took each worker to complete a step, and by rearranging equipment, Taylor believed he could discover what an average worker could produce in optimum conditions. The promise of higher wages, he figured, would create added incentive for workers to exceed this â€Å"average† level. Taylor’s time-and-motion studies offered a path away from the industrial wars of a century ago. Now what was needed was a way to apportion the wealth created by manufacturing enterprises. Taylor’s answer sidestepped the class struggle and interest group politics. He believed his principles would create a partnership between manager and worker, based on an understanding of how jobs should be done and how workers are motivated. These workers are motivated by money. He believed a fairs day work deserved a fair day bonus. He thought keeping his workforce happy would keep them producing at a high quality. He died in 1915, whilst on a speaking tour in the mid west he contracted influenza, he was admitted to hospital and celebrated his 59th birthday there and died the next day. Taylor’s second and third theory is used in the McDonalds. The McDonalds ethos is that the food preparation must be done to specific instructions. For instance the fries must be cooked for a 3 minutes at a temperature of 175o, then the buzzer tells the employee to take them out and salt them. Throughout all McDonalds are a series of dedicated, purpose-built machine for producing milkshakes, toasting buns and squirting chocolate sauce and much else. After 150 years this is the most active period working in industry, F W Taylor would feel very much at home ordering a Big Mac. The biggest person that Taylor’s theory’s influenced was Henry Ford. Henry Ford was the first person to try mass production and it was a massive success. Taylor’s practices were first used in 1911 in the factory; by 1913 Ford had introduced a conveyor belt system and had achieved the ultimate Taylorite idea. This method was also used in Nazi death camps. They did not plan whom they would kill until the day they did it. Both Mussolini and Stalin both used his techniques during their communist uprisings. Taylor also wrote many books of these the most famous is ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ he wrote this in 1911. He split the book into two chapters the first ‘the fundamentals of scientific management† and the second â€Å"The principles of scientific management†. In the first chapter he stated that the principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. In the second chapter he stated that people should be told what to do and how they do it. They should be motivated by a money incentive. Before Taylor, skilled workers chose their own methods of work, but after Taylor workers were far more likely to have limited, repetitive tasks and were forced to work at a pace set by their manager. To maximise efforts of workers Taylor introduced an incentive system known as a differential piece-rate. This offered a meagre payment per unit produced. 2p per unit for the first 500 per day 5p per unit all those above 500 per day The threshold was set a t a level which those producing barely 500 received barely a living wage. To make 700 was a great incentive, as you would earn double what you would at the 500 mark. But the workers in many places resented this theory that the theory was abandoned soon after introduction. Problems with Taylor’s methods With Taylor’s notion of a ‘quickest and best way’ for all workers does not take into account individual differences. There is no guarantee that the ‘best way’ will suit everyone. Also some people naturally will be able to work faster than others creating a disadvantage for those he is not so fast. Taylor also viewed people as machines, with financial needs, than as humans in a social setting. People felt pressured and did not like being treated this way. He also overlooked the fact that some people work for other reasons than money. In a financial survey in 1982, a large sample of British people were asked whether they would carry on working if they financially did no need to. Nearly 70% of men and 655 of women said they would. Taylor’s Core values The rule of reason, improved quality, lower costs, higher wages, higher output, labour management, co-operation, experimentation, clear tasks and goals, feedback, training, stress reduction and the careful selection and development of people. He was the first to present a systemic study of interaction an d job requirements, tools, methods and human skills, to fit people into jobs both psychologically and physically, and to let data and facts do the talking rather than prejudice, opinions or egomania.

Wild Mushrooms in Winter Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wild Mushrooms in Winter Summary - Assignment Example She goes ahead to explain the recipes as adapted from Arlene indicated that she loved Arlene’s recipes since they are very adaptable. She also indicated that people spend time looking for loved ones they have lost and if lucky end up finding them in other people though in small pieces. The author indicates that she found her grandmother in Arlene and she goes ahead to explain the good qualities that her grandmother possessed that she somehow finds them in Arlene. Moreover, the author indicates that Arlene always shared a tip that seemed obvious in retrospect which turned out to be great advice. She then goes ahead to give a recipe of the wild mushroom Pappardelle pasta as a adapted from Arlene Ward which could prove useful for any other individual out there trying out new recipes for dishes. Thus, sometimes, it is helpful to cook oneself through an emotion that might include sadness or loneliness (Fromm, 2). Often, such cooking brings out the best dish that other people around this individual enjoys more than

SMA Roles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SMA Roles - Assignment Example While the tasks may be conducted in parallel, they are not independent. The conceptual model is a key means of validating the simulation model and addressing whether the right model is being built. Validation determines whether the model is a meaningful and accurate representation of the real system. The programmed model used for experimentation is a translation of the conceptual model into computer-executable form. Before experimentation, the programmed model must be verified to determine that it is working as intended. This step focuses on building the model right according to specifications. Conceptual modeling-Model formulation since it’s a conceptual representation of the system which captures the key elements in the system and their relationships and documents how the system works. Modeling involves characterizing input data as probability distributions. Models are developed through commercial simulation software packages available in the market place. The reasons for building models is to conduct analyses, increase understanding and obtain results. The role of a user in a simulation model is verification of the model. Since the model is developed to meet the user requirements, the user is responsible for verifying if the system meets his demands. Simulation modeling analysis involves identifying the purpose of the model, designing the model by studying the inputs and the expected outputs and translating the model into computer executable form which is then concluded by implementation of the model; putting the model into

China Superpower Status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China Superpower Status - Essay Example As identified, the factors that were considered in ranking these economies are: â€Å"institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, health and primary education, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market sophistication, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication, and innovation† (Ali, 2010, par. 2). In an article written by Miller (2006) in an attempt to assess China as an emerging superpower, the author initially proffered the need to determine the crucial elements that define a country being classified as a ‘superpower’, to wit: â€Å"a â€Å"superpower† is a country that has the capacity to project dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, and sometimes, in more than one region of the globe at a time, and so may plausibly attain the status of global hegemon† (Miller, 2006, par. 4). ... nents that were deemed critical to categorize a country as generating the status of a superpower were pinpointed as â€Å"measured along four axes of power: military, economic, political, and cultural† (Miller, 2006, par. 5). In this regard, the essay aims to identify the reasons for China’s ascent to super power status using the components above mentioned. Reasons for China’s Ascent to Superpower Status Consistent with Miller’s (2006) contentions that identified the crucial components for superpower status, the study written by Xuetong (2006) likewise supported that the same elements, eminent strength in military power, political and economic power have paved the way for China’s ascent. Xuetong’s (2006) assessment indicated that with data compiled in 2003, from among seven states, France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Germany, and India, China emerged as the sole country with strong power status on the three identified components (pp. 20 – 21). France, Britain and Russia manifest strong military and political powers, but weak economic power. 1. Economic Power The tremendous growth in China’s economy spurred by the expansion in manufacturing of diverse products at practically the lowest labor cost from among international economies have paved the way for its ascendance to strong economic power status. The statistics reveal the China’s GDP ranks second from among the countries in the world. As noted by Miller (2006), â€Å"China’s rise further depends critically on the continuation of such growth rates, and there are reasons to wonder how long the spectacular rates of the past 25 years can continue. The high proportion of China’s economy occupied by its exports makes it sensitive to the ups and downs of the international economy generally and to the engine of

International relations - foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International relations - foreign policy - Essay Example Countries, big and small alike, have internal domestic policies. Concurrently, they also have foreign policies. These policies are bases of the values and interests that are crucial in guiding how these particular governments act or behave with regards to certain international issues. Policy, here referring to a certain course of actionAccording to Feigert, Graebner, Papademetriou, Mangone, Ransom, Wilson, Wolfe, Piper & Terchek, foreign policy is the foreign component of public policy. (1983) Simply defined, public policy is the choice or the stance that particular governments adopt with regards to certain issues in country. (Dye, 1972) That said, while public policy is concerned with the domestic issues and policies to be implemented within (inside) state borders, foreign policy on its part is concerned with policies that are to be implemented without (outside) the countries borders. (Feigert, et al, 1983) Foreign policy plainly put is the policy that is formulated and adopted by s tate governments for the purposes of governing its relations with other countries in the international arena. The most important thing to note about foreign policy is that it is primarily concerned with state interests. State interest could be in either, political, military and/or economic terms. The reason why a country would like to implement certain policies with regards to other countries has to do with what it stands to gain more than anything else. Shah (2001) posits that every nation/country is in possession of a foreign policy. The reason why foreign policy is important is because it ensures that the needs of the nations/countries are represented in the international community. During the cold war countries mostly used foreign policies as a way of furthering their national interests and agendas. In the course of furthering these agendas, the interests held dear by other nations in the international community did not matter much and were disregarded. In most cases this often led to resentment between different countries with different issues to push forth. (Shah, 2001) The conduct of foreign policy then involves balancing between substitute policies and their perceived costs and benefits. (Feigert, et al, 1983) At the end of the day, countries more often than not, adopt the policies that are most favorable to them and are in sync with what they may want to achieve (national interest). It could be security needs or economic growth. (Shah, 2001) Traditionally, the conduct of foreign policy has often been the duty of the national governments. Nonetheless, other actors within the state realm are involved in the conduct and formulation of foreign policy. These are the smaller regional states and provinces within a nation/country. For this reason, there is always advocacy and lobbying for the type of issues and interests that should be part of foreign policy and which respective government should focus on. This way these state actors are able to influence foreign policy decisions. Despite this, some governments wield such immense powers such that they lo ck out these state actors such as regional states and provinces out of the formulation and consequent conduct of foreign policy. Take the case of India for example. As per the Indian constitution, the central federal government, the executive, is granted all the powers in the land necessary for the conduct of both domestic and foreign policies. Still, even though these actors are given lesser powers, but powers nonetheless by the Indian Constitution, the regional states in India have little or no autonomy. The consequence of this is that their roles are usurped and the central government makes all the crucial decisions with regards to foreign policy. (Dossani & Vijaykumar, 2005) As countries conduct foreign policy they involve themselves in such activities as diplomacy, negotiations, bargaining, cooperation or even coercion, bullying, lying and intimidation. Depending on what their interests are at the end of the d

Criminology and criminal justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology and criminal justice system - Essay Example The report shows that the witnesses and victims, on the other hand, get an entirely different treatment, they’re offered protection and kind words are offered to keep them calm. On first glance, it might seem unfair that since the system is not sure of their innocence, theirs or the suspects but again just like the system has criteria to meet in order to be able to arrest some one, they have their reasons of suspecting these people to be innocent and worthy of protection. Protection is provided so that the criminals might not try to hurt the witnesses or intimidate them into not coming to court, because this is the reality of our system, even if every one knows that a person is guilty of a crime but cannot be proved guilty albeit he contrived in the background for getting the witnesses out of the equation to eradicate proof in the form of intimidation or physical or fatal torture, even though everyone knows that for a fact, if it can’t be proved the person walks free an d it is for these reasons that there are many criminals plaguing the society but they have developed such strength and organization that the law cannot touch them. Our criminal system might not be perfect as regards to efficiency and sometimes even seem brutal especially if a mistake is made. It might some times seem unfair to give special treatment to some people but more often than not the law doesn't make the mistake of protecting the wrong person and the risk that their hypothetical guess as regards to one party’s innocence.... the manner in which all of this is imposed upon him isn't quite what an average human would haggle over but if it were a true con who were getting that treatment, of course it would be perfectly befitting. Perhaps that is what the authorities assume before undertaking any arrest. The criminal justice system perhaps prides itself for efficiency, there are a myriad number of checks the ground police have to go through before they can freely proceed to even search a suspected person's property let alone undertaking an arrest. The authorities take great care that they are not mistaken in their doubts of a person before they go charging up towards him to remind him or rather impose all his rights on him and try to persuade him that now may be the perfect time to start making use of them. Sure they might make a mistake some time and its most unfortunate for the society and of all people the accused when that happens but in order to keep a city clean of crime and cons policemen must be afforded some free movement as well, its up to the court to make the final decision and it is the duty of a policeman to bring a possible crime to light, it is only after a suspect meets all the criteria, and comes up to the bench mark of suspicion that our officers can go ahead and carry out an arrest, it is not an easy job, their prime incentives are to uphold the law and protecting the innocent. Keeping crime orientated people off the streets and keeping the pious ones

Population and immigration in relation to hospitality market in the UK Essay

Population and immigration in relation to hospitality market in the UK - Essay Example People1st, the Sector Skills Council (SSC) for the hospitality, leisure, travel, and tourism sector, UK, envisages an additional 15,000 new jobs between 2002 and 2012, in addition to the 846,000 replacement jobs lost through labor turnover. AGCAS also believes industry will require 30,000-35,000 trained people at management and supervisory level year on year until 2010. Meeting labor requirement is a perennial problem in the industry. This essay will examine why this sector is not popular with the British local people and why there are so many immigrants in this industry. The rationale for the labor requirement can partly be attributed to the Olympic Games being held in London in 2012 (People 1st). According to Lockwood and Guernier (1990), Travel and Tourism analysts, hospitality sector in the developed countries are experiencing labor shortages and can expect to face greater shortages in the future (cited by Choi et al, 2000). The world has shrunk due to advanced technologies and hence finding labor round the globe is easier than it used to be. Due to globalization and free market economy, the recruitment strategy too has to undergo change. Migration of labor worldwide in the hospitality industry is very common. According to People 1st, 11 percent employers find it difficult to fill up the vacancies, as there are not enough people interested in the jobs. Not many skilled people can be found in this industry, and this is a customer-driven industry. Customer satisfaction in this industry is vital. This sector traditionally recruits a young workforce yet the biggest challenge that this sector faces is that of skills shortages. Skills in this industry range from the unskilled porter to the highly skilled managers. The majority comprises the unskilled staff including the food and bar service staff, semi-skilled including the commercial and clerical staff and the kitchen staff (Choi et al). While

Microbial Transformation of Steroids Essay Example for Free

Microbial Transformation of Steroids Essay Abstract Hydroxylations are possibly the most widespread type of steroid bioconversion. Hydroxylations can be used to buildintermediates for further chemical synthesis to provide the steroid molecule with the adequate structure for therapeutic applications. Microorganisms able to hydroxylate steroids in positions C1 to C21 and in position C26 have been reported. 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxylation is regarded as essential for anti-inflammatory action. Present study was promoted to extend the investigations to evaluate potentiality of this local oil contaminated soil isolates for transformation of progesterone. Enrichment is carried out in the inorganic medium providing progesterone as an only carbon source. Metabolites are identified by GC/MS and isolates by 16 s rRNA. 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxyprogesterone is the metabolite identified having 60 percent of yield. and Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c has been found most efficient strain. Key words: Hydroxylation of Progesterone, oil contaminated, Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c, INTRODUCTION Application of molecular biology techniques and genetic engineering of microorganisms for their improvement as steroid transforming agents are the areas of drug development. Site selection oxygenation, particularly hydroxylation of exogenous steroids is frequent in bacteria genera Bacillus. Several microbial bioconversion of steroids and sterols have been reported, focusing mainly on steroid hydroxylations, ∆1-dehydrogenation and sterol side-chain cleavage. These biotransformations, mostly associated to chemical synthesis steps, have provided adequate tools for the large scale production of natural or modified steroid analogues. The complex structure of the steroid molecule requires complicated, multi-step schemes for the chemical synthesis of steroid compounds. Microbial steroid conversions are performed in mild temperature and pressure conditions and can provide an efficient alternative to chemical synthesis. Screening and isolation of active microbial strains for steroid bioconversion is presently an important part of the research and development effort in the steroid drug industry. Oil contaminated soil is a rich source of variety of bacteria capable of biotransformations and degradations of complex chemicals. MATERIAL AND METHODS 1 gm of oil contaminated soil from different local places was added in the sterile 9 ml saline and 1 ml from this is added in the sterile progesterone liquid enrichment medium (KH2PO4, Na2HPO4. 12 H2O, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4. 7 H2O, CaCl2. 6H2O, FeSO4. 7 H2O, pH 7) providing progesterone as a only carbon source. As progesterone is not soluble in water, it was dissolved in acetone (50 mg / ml). The flasks are incubated at 300 C for 7 days. Regular microscopic observation and turbidity checking carried out. By serial dilution techniques 0.1 ml was spread on the nutrient agar plates and well isolated colonies are studied for biotransformation potential. The medium of composition (g/liter): glucose, 40.0; peptone, 1.0; KH2PO4 0.74; MgSO4. 7H2O, 1.0; Yeast extract, 1.0 and asparagine, 0.7, pH was adjusted to 7 used for transformation. The cultivation was performed in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 50 ml medium. The flasks were sterilized and inoculated with 2 ml inoculum of 24 hr cultures of the pure organism. The culture flasks were incubated on incubator shaker at 34Â ° C for 48 hr. Thereafter, 50 mg of progesterone, dissolved in 1 ml acetone, was added to each flask and fermentation was continued for another 72 hr. At the end of fermentation, metabolites are analyzed by GC/MS. The efficient bacterium identified by 16S rRNA. Standardization of parameters like temperature, pH, incubation period, carried out spectrophotometrically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11 ÃŽ ± hydroxyprogesterone is the metabolite identified having 60 percent of yield. Bacillus circulans Tex 01-S3c is the efficient bacterium identified. Temperature 340 C, pH 6.5, incubation period 60 hours are the optimum parameters for maximum yield. REFRENCES 1. Al-Awadi, S., Afzal, M. and Oommen, S. (2003) Studies on Bacillus stearothermophilus. Part III. Transformation of testosterone. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 62 , pp. 48-52. 2. Garai S, Banerjee S, Mahato SB (1995). Selective 1-dehydrogenation of progesterone by Aspergillus fumigatus. J Chem Res (Suppl): 408-409. 3. Fernandes, P., Cruz, A., Angelova, B., Pinheiro, H. and Cabral, J. (2003) Microbial conversion of steroid compounds: recent developments. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32 , pp. 688-705 4. Mahato, S.B. and S. Garai, 1997. Advances in microbial steroid biotransformation. Steroids, 62:332-345. 5. Sameera Al-Awadi, M.A. Fzal and S. Oommen, 2001. Studies on Bacillus stearithermophilus part Transformation of progesterone to a new metabolites 9,10-seco-4-pregnene-3,9,20-trione, Journal of steroid biochemistry and Molecular biology; 78: 493-498. 6. Smith, KF and Kirk, DN (1989) Microbial transformation of steroids-II. Transformations of progesterone, testosterone an d androstenedione by Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 32 , pp. 445-451

Victim Rights Person

Victim Rights Person Victims Rights Introduction A victim is a person who has received injuries whether physical or emotionally when a crime is committed. This will include people who are physical assaulted, kidnapped, sexual assaulted, involved in domestic violence, a child abuse, a person at a motor vehicle accident or incident where a crime occurs, or get injured emotionally by witnessing this incidents. They can also be injured by another crime committed for example homicide, robbery or robbery with violence. A person who is victimized is also faced with psychologically problems he/she may lose clear line of thinking and becomes overwhelmed. In most cases the victim loses money or may be injured. The worst of all is the emotional pain that the victim undergoes. The victimized close relatives and friends can also suffer both psychologically and emotionally. It was also noted that, stress, fear, anxiety and a lot of tension is experienced by family members. The rights of the victim is an old issue that dates back since time of independence, In words for senator Feinstein, he points out that at the time of constitutions adoption, they was a few public prosecutors and crime victims were taken as parties and had to represent themselves. The founders of the nation did not have special protections given to the criminal victims. They did not foresee the modern ways where a public prosecutor acts independent of the crime victim. Nevertheless, as time passed changes in the criminal law occurred and victims had to be respected and given their rights. Accordingly, the public support also was awakened and victims rights protections become a public issue. This was witnessed in Maryland in 1994 when voters voted for state constitutional amendments that protects the right of the victim. The amendment passed by 92 percent of the total vote. This set the trend in many states as 33 states have various constitutional amendments that seek to protect victi ms. Currently all the 50 states at least have some kind of victims rights measures on the court level. As per statistics given by the department of justice, over 5 million violent crimes occur in America per year. This number is so big and human rights activists and politicians have for over 20 years been campaigning for these victims rights in the way the criminal justices process are carried on. Some of the rights they seek are: Victims should have a right to receive a public notice of events related to his criminal prosecution; this can be bail hearing date, the trial date, the sentencing date or even a parole hearing date. Victims should have a right to be present and hear the courts proceedings during their cases. They should also be heard during this process. The victims should have a right to be notified in case the criminal who victimized the victim is released on parole or he/she makes an escape from prison. Victims should be assured of their safety before a criminal is released on parole by the courts or when the criminal is released by courts. The victim should have a right to be protected against long delays caused in criminal prosecutions. The aim of these rights was to ensure that the victims are given legitimate attention consideration. This campaign and pressure lead to the passage of Victims of Crime Legislation, Bill 23, 1995; which states that, victims are entailed to the following rights: they should be shown respect, politeness and kindness. That, they should be updated on the court process about their cases. They should also be given information concerning services remedies. The victims should be informed the dates of important proceedings. That the victims should be informed when an offender is released pardoned or escapes. The victims should be interviewed by same gender officer in case the victim is sexual assaulted. The victim has a right to be compensated for injuries suffered. And that incase there was loss of property and it is recovered it should be returned without any delay. Lastly the victim should be able to be represented in the court by writing a victim impact statement. Any where, these rights have to be enforced by the courts to make them work and protect the victim. Otherwise they will be just mere words on paper. In a study carried out by National Victim Center, it found out that many victims still were being denied their rights. This occurred even in those states seen as having a strong legal protection. For example the study found out that a big number of victims from â€Å"strong† and â€Å"weak† states did not receive a notification during different stages of court process. As for bail hearing (those not notified in strong states were 37 percent and in weak states were 57 percent); as for pretrial release of suspects (the number was 62 percent in strong states and 74 percent in weak states for those who were not notified); and for sentencing hearings (those who were not notified were 45 percent in strong states and 70 in weak states). In a another report which was related to this, it was found out that racial minorities were the most serious affected by being denied their victims rights protection. According to observations, victims like to be involved in the justice process. Of particular interest is their always like to be notified of the process of their cases. Victims felt left out and were angry because they were not given information about the way their cases are progressing. It was also noted that, many victims do not want to interfere with the courts. As a victim is also important that the victim is not forces into accepting some justice program that has not chosen. However the question that is asked is whether the victims rights campaign is that necessary and important? Many people have a feeling that crime has increased for the last thirty years. Various studies carried out show an average individual (even those who have not been victimized) live in a regular fear of being victimization. Sadly, the fear of this people is true. This is because total number of crimes in United States has increased by 300% since 1965 to the present day. While violent crime has escalated to more than 600%. This has lead to a very large financial burden to the nation. As it is approximated that $450 billion is spend on crime every year. And that, 1.8 million days are lost in terms of work days, which translates to more than $55 million lost in terms of wages. It is also interesting to note that, as the laws to protect the Victims rights are passed, the crime increases. It was also noted that the percentage of those who repeated to commit a crime was high. A study carried out by University of Pennsylvania revealed that 67% of total crime committed in the nation was carried by a mere 10% of the criminal population. In other cases, the perpetrators hunted and victimized their victim for the second time. This is thought to be a result of the perpetrators not being given harsh penalties or as a result of more liberal laws which seems to give criminals a sense that the government is soft on them and their more rights than those of the victims. These facts are chilling and the problem is touching each community. The Department of Justice shows the America is the one with highest number of violent crimes than any other country. It is estimated that the homicide crime is five times that of Europe while the Juvenile crime rate is seven times more t han that of Europe or Japan. Looking at possibility of being a victim in1996, a survey carried out by Gallup poll, showed that women feared most being victims than men. The number was 57% of women as compared to men who were at 43%. The research also found out that non white people were the one more concerned about becoming victims than the whites. The numbers were 74.8% against 46.6%. It was also noted that few people had confidence in the justice system. It is also apparent that victims are most likely not to report a crime if the perpetrator is someone they know personal. Those victims who are violently attacked are highly likely to report the crime to police if the perpetrator is a stranger. The group which is likely not to report a crime is that of young children aged between 12 and 19. For the purpose of this paper, we will examine a research carried out by The Bouverie centre, Victorias Family Institute using a method of confrontative interview. The confrontational interview carried out in response to critics from the feminist about family therapy in the area of sexual abuse. The interview is designed to address issue of control and power in a situation of victim- perpetrator relationship. In this interview the survivor is allowed to face the person who abused her and face the impact of the abuse to her life. In the interview the perpetrator sits and listens as the victim narrates her feeling. The confrontative interview is where by the victim meets her/his perpetrators, on sexual abused victims the survivors offered different answers. The research was based on four young women, who had been repeatedly sexually abused by men. In was observed that all of the four women were disturbed and even had suicidal thoughts and suffered from severe depression. The women all developed risk behaviors as two shoplifted and the other got involved in pretty crimes. One woman started abusing drugs. Each of the women reported having recurring nightmares, and a lot of fear and mistrust. It was also noted that one victim wet her bed. The research further revealed that each of the victims experienced a sense of inferior, self loathing, shame and felt responsible for the abuse. From the study it was noted that the difficult part was that of the victim accepting the abuse and knowing that she was a victim and was not to blame. According to Karren, a participant she notes that, she could not turn back because she had experienced feeling responsible. Another participant, Cate said that it was a very enormous task when it came to breaking the news to her mother. Another participant, Army described the experience as feeling stronger, he felt like she has conquered something. It was noted that all four women felt more clear when it came to the matter of responsibility upon the contfrontative interview. When the perpetrators where seen physical and when they admitted being quilt had a lot of impact on the victims. It was much important when took the responsibility. According to Cate and Karren they were less troubled and got more focused and stable in their thoughts. The interview also provided a confrontation between the victim and the perpetrator, which lead to a powerful impact on the side of the victims; they experienced a sense of externalizing the pain they suffered. And the experience of knowing who was responsible for their suffering. As the women narrated their anger and emotional turmoil they have undergone, the confrontation offered a dignified opportunity to repair their feelings. They felt that they had triumphed and reclaimed their self identity The outcome of this study was very encouraging, it leads to reduction of nightmares, self doubt, gave the victims more stability and improved their self esteem and a sense of well being. As all four women agreed the interview was used to reduce the trauma they felt. Nevertheless, the interview had its shortcoming and did not provide an immediate solution to those victimized. Each of the four women at the centre had to continue with therapy and in the months that followed they made statements to the police and the police have laid criminal charges against the perpetrators. Although, this was not the main aim of the study, the women opened up during the interview. For example Amy after realizing that she was a saviors and an innocent person who was sexually assaulted commented that, the fact that sexual abuse is wrong when done to you, and that it is a criminal offence done to you and you are just a victim is so much. And it is more important if your family is there to support you. Fro m this study it is important for the victims to come out and be heard. Conclusion Although the Victims rights issue is a very controversial debate, as many laws about the â€Å"rights of accused† and â€Å"rights of offender,† result in the victim feeling that he/she is not secure. It is paramount that the victims should be given their rights and the necessary protection they require. However these rights must be enforced by the courts to be meaningfully. However, as studies show that more rights do not reduce crime, it should be noted that, more rights result in respect and fair treatment of the victims. It is also clear that those who have been victimized require proper therapy and assistance to be able to live a normal life and be able to regain their lost dignity. In the words of Bill Clinton president of America, the government will continue to amend the crime Victims Rights by giving violent crime victims access to information and other rights, but the same time protect the rights of defendants. References Anita, B., and John, P. (1997): Improving Community Response to Crime Victims: An Eight-Step Model for Developing Protocol. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Congressional Record, (April 25, 2000): (106th Cong., 2nd Sess.), at S2822 (discussing academic research on yearly American criminal prosecutions). Morris, A., Maxwell, G., and Robertson, J. (1993): Giving victims a voice: A New Zealand experiment. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(4), 301-321. Resick, P. (1987): Psychological effects of victimization: Implications for the criminal justice system. Crime Delinquency, 33(4), 468-478. Roach, K. (1999): Due process and victims rights, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, New Directions from the Field: Victims Rights, and Services for the 21st Century at 10 (1998); see Committee Report at 13-15.

Responsibility for Health in New Zealand

Responsibility for Health in New Zealand The government has an important role in promoting health care, thus, the people are so lucky for being a citizen of New Zealand. Health is number one priority so the society has a continuing research to be able to provide the best health care to all the New Zealanders. Responsibility for health The responsibility for good health is a give and take process. It is a collaborative procedure between the New Zealanders and the society they belong. The people should broaden their minds about health care so as to avoid any kind of illness which will endanger their lives. Many of the citizens in New Zealand ask for medical assistance in order to make them well. That is one of the reasons why the government provides education for safe sex, urban planning, drug addiction, among others. The country has a public health institution that will advise those sick people not to be in contact with healthy individual to avoid contamination and spread of diseases. Every individual has its own way of taking care of their own health. One factor for this is their lifestyle. The New Zealanders have different lifestyle and so different illness or diseases contribute to the problem of health care in the country. It is true that everyone takes care of his health but the society has his on share to give medication to the people. Many are not well informed of the consequences of their daily routine or lifestyle, like the effect of smoking both to the smoker and the people around him, of not eating a well-balanced meal even the effect on the body of those who always work on a graveyard shift. The society got a responsibility over the health of every individual. And so proper dissemination of prevention of illness and promote good health should be done by the society particularly the government to help individual take care of themselves. There are many factors affecting the health of an individual like pollution, drug addiction, sanitation, food, water, health awareness and the spread of communicable diseases. The government have a thorough research on the prevention of diseases because the society believes that it would be easier for the individual to know what they should do to prevent diseases in order to lessen the pains and suffering on the part of the patient. All the people in New Zealand will be benefited, not only the sick ones. The urban planning is a nice strategy of the government to promote health care to the citizenry. Here, the people are given the options to have healthy choices for transportation and to avoid means of transportation that would be detrimental to his or her health. In urban planning, people likewise shall have a good recreation centers where they could engage in sport activities or do any of their preferred recreational activities. In addition, a good planning shall likewise provide the population of the work or job they would engage in that would not endanger their health. As what was said earlier, that it is a collaborative process, the people should be responsible of their own respective health and pay for their own health care. The responsibility of the society is to maintain and promote good health to every citizen and to provide financial support for the health maintenance in the country. Everyone knows that personal responsibility contributes much for a better health care. The p eople especially in the rural areas should be well informed on personal hygiene and the importance of cleanliness of the environment. Sanitation and cleanliness are great factors for a sound mind and body. The physical environment is also a contributory for good health. The government agencies prohibits any acts of pollution affecting the health of people. Pollution affects the lungs especially for the most vulnerable ones, the young kids and the old ones. Food is one of the needs of the body that everyone should know the right kind of food in order to have a healthy body. The government with the help of all health care providers shall see to it that healthy foods should be made available all the time so as to prevent the high rate of diseases related to diet and food intake in the country. To achieve this, people should be informed of the good effects of eating healthy foods and to discourage people to eat unhealthy foods. In view of this, all efforts of the government to promote health and improve health care, the people must be responsive and to take responsibility to take care of their own health. Health care is a global priority because all citizens in the society are after their health. Health institutions in New Zealand shall give special attention to health care for the benefit of all its people. Education and training Policy on education and training play a very vital role in the prevention and cure of illness and diseases. The policy on these must be prioritized to ensure achievement of a health society. The society and the family have their own respective roles to achieve the balance for health care insofar as education and training are concerned. The society includes among others, the government. The government should take a lead in educating and disseminating information pertaining to health care. It must set laws and rules which the population shall obey and abide. As the government enforces its laws, it must have programs that are acceptable and applicable to any type of sectors of the society. This would help the people to adapt easily and apply in their respective families and ultimately becomes routinary. All of this endeavour of the government must be supported by the private sectors. Extensive education, training and re-training by the government are futile without the cooperation of people. Everyone must be receptive with the laws and rules set by the government. It is the people that would transcribe the law into policy. Families, which are the basic unit of the society, have the greatest responsibility in the achievement of the goal. Each member has a responsibility to teach the whole family one way or another. Other members of the society that could be influential to these would be the schools, health care providers and the church. Upon the enforcement of the laws and cooperation of everybody, there shall be changed in the behaviour of the individual and eventually of the society and country to achieve such balance. Business regulations combining work and care giving As part of the implementation of the program of the government to achieve balance of responsibility for health care of the society and family, all work places must have regulations that combines work and care giving. Offices must have facilities that would allow employees to perform their duties as parents especially for their needy children. A common example of this is breastfeeding areas for nursing mothers. The office shall have a private place to allow nursing mothers to express milk for their newly born babies. Practices like this would encourage mothers to breastfeed their babies and providing them breastmilk, which are far more beneficial for the newborn babies than any other commercially prepared milk, thus, promoting good health. Strict implementation of such policies likewise needs the cooperation and involvement of everybody to help achieve the balance of responsibility for health care between society and family. Tax benefits and payments to caregivers In order to encourage all caregivers to provide a quality healthcare and to entice people to pursue a career as caregivers, there should be a good and steady tax benefits and payments for caregivers as one of their incentives. The government shall take a lead role for the implemention of this. The private sector shall only apply such rule if there is a strong political will. Once these policy intervention solutions mentioned above are established, we could be assured of the achievement of an equal responsibility for health care between the society and family. Conclusion Taking care of oneself, help of the government and the care of the caregivers is a collaborative way of having a healthy individual in the society. If everyone help each other and not blaming is a very wise thing to do. We cannot control or change the so many factor of contributing to bad health but if we do our part in making our community a healthy one then we should accept and take responsibility that we are liable to our own health and everyones health.

pm case study Essay examples -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sharp Printing Case Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Problem Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major problem with Sharp Printing’s laser printer project is its senior management’s lack of communication to its project manager on its priorities. The project manager’s estimate for the cost of the project is $1,250,000 over senior managements estimate. This is a huge discrepancy and the cost and time estimates done by the project manager seem to be fairly reasonable. Justification for the problem:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems to be clear that senior management has an estimate that is probably unrealistic when compared to the project managers estimate that is $1,250,000 over the senior manager’s estimate. Based the large discrepancies of cost and time, there seems to be a communication breakdown between top management and the project manager on the priorities of the project. Alternative Courses of Action:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As one alternative they could change the scope of the project in order to keep the costs down. Another alternative could be to outsource the technology design. The company could employ the priority matrix in order to get top management to clarify their priorit...

A Notion of Zero in the Philosophy of Aristotle :: Philosophical Math Essays

A Notion of Zero in the Philosophy of Aristotle ABSTRACT: This article shows that Aristotle created the first notion of a zero in the history of human thought. Since this notion stood in evident contradiction to the basic principles of his metaphysics and logic, he rejected it. The origin and development of mathematical symbols was closely connected with the development of mathematics itself and development of philosophy. It resulted from the fact that philosophy provided the motivation for investigations and creation of adequate and good mathematical symbols. Moreover, being one of the cultural factors, (1) it played a significant role in the process of accepting or rejecting certain notions. This article aims at producing evidence that particular ideas of Hellenic philosophy made it impossible for Hellenic thinkers to accept notion of a zero. The following considerations will be preceded by brief information on the ancient notations. The ancient numeric systems aimed at ascribing to a singular whole number or written symbol (up to a point determined by practical needs). This symbol was a combination of a limited number of signs, produced on the basis of more or less regular laws. (2) Three ancient groups of people: the Babylonians, the Chinese and the Mayas discovered a position principle, that is one of the prerequisites leading to discovering a zero and considering it a number. (3) The first appeared in the Babylonian numeration in the 3rd century BC as a result of overcoming ambiguity in the notation of numbers. The sign for a zero that is the so-called diagonally drafted double nail ( ) indicated, first of all, a lack of units of some "sixty" order. It was also treated as kind of an arithmetic operator, since adding it at the end meant multiplication by "sixty". But neither the Babilonian mathematicians nor astronomers treated zero as a number. A diagonally drafted double nail was conceived of as an empty pla ce, that is a lack of unites of a respective order. Hellenes people used two systems of denoting numbers. The Athenian system was mathematically equal to the Roman system, whereas the Ionic system, just like the Hebrew system, was a system of an alphabetic type. In both systems, just like in the Egyptian hieroglyphic system or the Hebrew numeration, numbers had their established values regardless of the place they were put in. (4) None of the Hellenic system was based on a position principle, none of them used a symbol of zero, either.