Basant Should Not Be Banned

Basalt should be allowed to celebrate as it has now become a part of our peoples culture, heritage and lifestyle and nobody has a right to ban them. Basalt is deeply rooted in peoples psyche and lifestyle. Most the public are not only against the ban on Basalt but also are offended by this government decision. Main E]AZ, acting district coordination officer during the Decos absence said, Basalt should not be banned because It attracts people from all over the world and is a cultural event. He lamented about grave problems caused by Basalt but said that the public was unwilling to support a ban (All 7). Basalt has been in our tradition from a long time and has become a custom and very important part of our lives. But there are some people especially elisions ones who raise the point of Basalt being a Hindu festival and demand a ban on it. Actually this is not the case; this is Just wrong accusation made by these people to show their importance in the community. The Hindu festival which these people refer is Vacant Panoramic which is also called Basalt. Vacant Panoramic is the Hindu festival that highlights the advent of spring. It is a Hindu festival celebrating the glory of Shirtwaist, the goddess of knowledge, music and art. In India particularly Indian Bengal, during this festival children are taught to write their first words; Brahmins are fed; ancestors worship (Pit-tartan) Is performed; the god of love Kamikaze Is worshipped ( Manhood). The festival Hindu celebrates only Limits to worshipping, wearing same color clothes and meeting each other. There Is no sign of kite flying In their festival.So our tradition Is different from theirs. This means that to say this festival Is UN-locals Is a wrong statement. Basalt Is a huge and a big festival which Is recognized all over the world. It Is a sport which mainly exists In Pakistan but Is well known to all the rest of the world. It Is a colorful festival consisting not only of tie flying but also of music. People gather together to enjoy and celebrate the arrival of spring. Basalt is also a way of attracting tourists not only national but also international.According to the newspaper reporter, Hasty Sadder, It attracts tourists, not just locally but from all over the world (7). Because of the uniqueness of Basalt, Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab, the Basalt Kite Festival, held in Lahore, has become such a major tourist attraction that people flock from countries worldwide to participate in this unique occasion. The increase in tourism due to Basalt in turn boosts the economy of Pakistan. It provides different sources of income to the country; through hotels, restaurant and others ways.Another reason why Basalt should not be banned is the amount of revenue generated from it is enormous. There are several ways in which revenue is generated during the Basalt. Thousands of people travel and visit Pakistan to Join in the festival. The revenue from the hotels greatly increases during Basalt because of the increased tourists. Kite flying is not the only way of generating revenue. During the festival a lot of events sake place such as musical events and food streets are Jammed packed with people. The intense economic activity that went with Basalt (trade, travel, hotel, tourism, shopping, etc. ) was touching the $ 250 million mark ? not bad, for a week-long celebration. To top it off various other quality festivals started around the Basalt bonanza (notably the music conference and the international drama and puppet festival) (Mira 3). However, there is some opposition and criticism about the Basalt being not profitable, rather resulting in losses due to damages done on the electric wires and poles.According to All Prevail, a newspaper reporter, Basalt also faced opposition from Water and Power Development Authority (WPAD) and its distribution companies mainly the Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESSON) and Granular Electric Power Company (COP) as kite flying also resulted in frequent power tripping besides damaging the sensitive installations of WPAD and its companies. The main cause of this power failure is the use of metallic or chemical- coated string. These strings, when comes contact with electric wires causes the wire to tear and power tripping.But this is a problem which can be easily resolved. By introducing and properly implementing a law which impose a ban on the use of such types of strings can result in overcoming this power failure and claims made by these companies. Kite flying business is a very large one. The industry related to it is very large with a very large market. About a week or two before the Basalt, shopkeeper starts to make preparations of selling kites and strings. Huge numbers of shops are set up and people invest millions of rupees in the trade. Many people are employed in the factories in which kites and strings are made. String and kite makers are irking overtime on roadsides and in small factories in places like Shadier, Murdered, Buchannan, Chair and Shadbush. Kite making has become a sort of cottage industry involving even women and children the year round (Hanoi). So if Basalt is banned, thousands of workers will get unemployed. There would be no source of income for such families and they would be in a very bad condition. For example, during the Basalt the owners of the previously abandoned and dilapidated houses in Glissandos food street become rich overnight as many multi-national companies hustle to rent their rooftops for the occasion.The ban on Basalt would affect them along with other in the kite flying business very roughly. The main incidents that lead to the ban on Basalt were the use of the metallic and chemical- coated strings. Basalt was officially banned in 2005 when a great deal of people in various cities including Rawlins lost their lives due to metallic or chemical-coated issue regarding the ban was the damages that these razor-sharp strings caused. Many people lost lives by getting their neck cut by strings while driving motorcycles or walking. But banning is not the solution. Government should restrict the use of these types of strings.Also during these two days of kite flying, government should set a curfew on the people walking and driving motorcycles because most of the accidents happen to them. The government should alternatively provide free public bus transport during these days to accommodate people who want to travel. In conclusion, Basalt should not be banned as it creates revenue for a country and most importantly is a part of our culture. To ban Basalt is Just like erasing an integral part our culture which is unacceptable. Yes, there have been many unfortunate incidents in the recent past but banning Basalt because of them is not the solution.For example, no government has banned flying of aircraft because some planes have crashed in the long history. They rather focused on making flying a safer experience. Likewise, the government should focus on making this festival safer by reducing loss to life and property to minimum and nil if possible. Designated grounds should have been prepared for flying kites and citizens who wish to participate in the activity should have been facilitated to do so in safety in these designated areas. Banning a festival which was like the smile of a child in spirit is too harsh a step ?akin to rendering the city soulless (Sadder 7).

Armenian Genocide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Armenian Genocide - Research Paper Example In addition, rights movements in the Empire’s former colonies had caused the secession of several countries from the empire. This further intensified the unrest in the Empire.The Armenians formed political organizations which demanded for better representation in the governing of the Empire. They also demanded for the fortification of their security3. They wanted to be part of the police force and to enjoy a more stringent police protection. These were termed the Armenian Question. With the fear of affecting the traditional way of governing the Empire, the government was steadfast not to heed to the Armenian pressure. The earlier regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II had quelled the Armenian grumbles with a series of killings. More than three hundred thousand people were killed from the Armenian population. A lot of their property was also destroyed. They got scared and their spirit was dampened. Following the Empire’s crisis, a political group by the name the Young Turks for cefully took power. This was in 1908. A coup staged in 1913 by a faction ofthe Young Turks called the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the government. Enver, Talaat and Jemal; the ministers of War, Interior and the marine respectively were its leaders. The CUP came up with the idea of forming an entirely Turkish state. This included expanding eastward towards other Turkic people, most of who were under the Russian Empire rule. In addition to that, the CUP worked towards creating a strong diplomatic relation with the Imperial Germany. With the break out of the First World War in 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined hands with Austria-Hungary and Germany to declare war on Russia, France and the Great Britain4. In the... The Armenian Genocide took place in the period before and after the First World War. It began around April 1915. It was planned and executed by the Ottoman government of theOttoman Empire. It was a systematic massacre of the Armenian population of the Empire. Before the start of the genocide, the Armenian population was around two million in the Ottoman state. However, in around 1918, there were only about one million Armenians left. Of these, hundreds of thousands had been rendered homeless. The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the sixteenth century. With the growing of its economy, its populations also prospered.This included its minority population. Come the nineteenth century, the state was experiencing an economic regress. All its conquered land in Europe and Africa had been lost. The Empire’s geographical size was reduced quite significantly. Following the Empire’s crisis, a political group by the name the Young Turks forcefully took power. Th is was in 1908. A coup staged in 1913 by a faction ofthe Young Turks called the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the government. Enver, Talaat and Jemal; the ministers of War, Interior and the marine respectively were its leaders. In the initial stages, the Ottoman Empire’s armies faced a couple of defeats. They redeemed their glory in 1918 by easily emerging victorious in the Caucasus. This war served as a scapegoat for the Ottoman military to wage war over the innocent Armenian population.

Research paper on Libya Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Libya - Research Paper Example The second event which marked the Italian colonialization of Turkey was the development of the Fourth Shore. Mussolini wanted to turn Libya into an Italian province and hence renamed it, Italy’s Fourth Shore. Remaking Libya began with dividing it into four provinces and investing heavily into its transportation infrastructure, irrigation technology and raw material extraction industry. It finally ended with the creation of the Libyan Colonization Society which promoted land reclamation and job creation for Italian settlers. As World War II began, and Italy pledged its allegiance to Germany, Cyrenaican and Tripolitanian leaders announced their support to the Allies led by Sayid Idris. After a tough war, Libya came under the Allied administration, in February 1943, which lasted till 24th December 1951, when Libya became the first country to attain autonomy through the United Nations. Headed by King Idris I, United Kingdom of Libya proclaimed its sovereignty as a constitutional a nd hereditary monarchy. Present Leader: The present president of Libya is Mohammed el-Megarif, who is also the chairman of the General National Congress. Current Political Context: 10 months after overthrowing Muammar Gaddafi’s dictatorial rule, Libya elected its new democratic government in August 2012, which was to be led by Mohammed el-Megarif. While Mohammed el-Megarif represented the National Front Party, in the elections, his opponent Ali Zaidan, was an independent candidate. Both candidates had a lush history of opposing the tyrannical Gaddafi and had been living in exile till his recent death. For the people of Libya who had been wearily waiting for the chaos and turmoil to end, this has come as a cry of relief. For many people, the election process itself has been a liberating experience, having served under a dictatorial leader for so long. The democratically elected government is backed by people’s faith in them and hosts a competent cabinet. Youth who forme d a majority of the voting population, were happy with the election results as they believed that the National Forces Alliance would be able to bring about policy changes in the functioning of Libya. The election results also spoke a great deal about the acceptance of religious ideologies among the general public. The chaos tired citizens chose to stay away from any candidate gunning a religious propaganda and the results promoted a fair and free government. Nonetheless, the government seeks to establish itself in the midst of the ongoing turmoil and in the attempt to ascertain peace and stability; it has to earn people’s respect by providing them security both physical and material, at the same time bring together opposing forces of the militia to build a stronger base. Economics & Art/Culture Sub-Heading: Libya – Holder of largest oil reserves in Africa Currency: Libyan Dinar (LYD) Major Economic Features: Libya holds Africa’s largest oil reserves and hence, i ts major products are crude oil, natural gas and refined petroleum products. The country revolves around its energy sector because poor soil and unsuitable climatic conditions limit the output that is gained from agriculture. According to CIA’s World Factbook, â€Å"95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP, and 99% of government revenue†

Citizen Kane: Charles Foster Kane - Who Was He? :: essays research papers

Citizen Kane: Charles Foster Kane - Who Was He? The story of Citizen Kane drew many people to the theatres since they wanted to find out who this Kane fellow is or was. It is unarguably one of the best films ever produced. Orson Wells portrays Kane as mysterious person but also a sad person. The different accounts are shown throughout the movie through the reporter wanting to find out who or what Rosebud is. Rosebud was Kane's last dying words. The first person the reporter Jerry Thompson sees is the owner of Walter Parks Thatcher's estate and holdings. Thatcher is long dead and who? visits his library and is allowed to inspect the financier's memoirs in manuscript. Through Thatcher's words we see Kane as a boy playing with his sled on a snow-swept Colorado farm. Through his mother, the boy has just inherited a great fortune. Unable to settle his bill, a prospector who boarded with the Kanes left behind stock certificates that make Mrs. Kane the sole owner of one of the world's great silver mines. She then makes her son the ward of the bank that administers her estate, and Thatcher, whom the angry young Kane bashes with a sled, takes the boy East to be raised. The movie then shows Kane growing up, making life miserable for Thatcher. The mature Kane decides to take direct control of a small, struggling newspaper, and immediately begins using it to attack Thatcher and others among America's financial elite. This displays the mystery with Kane as he wants to expand on something small into something big, but we don't know what. The next account was given by Bernstein, Kane's devoted assistant. He explains the beginnings as a newspaper czar and his takeover of the New York Enquirer, in which he fired its editor, hired an expensive, top-notch staff, and enlisted his college friend Jedediah Leland as the drama critic. Kane is at first a crusader for the understanding, opening his first editorial with a "declaration of principles." He becomes a champion of the little person, hyping his circulation with juicy scandals, crime exposes, etc. In a surprise move Kane marries Emily Norton, the president's niece. For the first time here we see Kane starting a love story. However this wasn't to last and it paved the way for the second-love. The reporter then visits a half-drunk Susan Alexander in a nightclub. She recalls her meeting and eventual affair with the married Kane and their discovery by Leland, who is led to their love nest by Kane's political rival, "Big Jim" Gettys. Until that point, Kane is heavily favored to defeat Gettys in

Marketing research proposal of Lion Ice Beer

Lion ice is a beer brewed in New Zealand by lion breweries. It has been one of the leading brands in premium beers in New Zealand but over the recent past there has been a substantial decline in sales volumes. The beer is specifically brewed for a certain social class (urban New Zealand males aged 26-39) who have incomes ranging from $35,000-$65,000. According the lion ice brand manager, the beer is within its latter stages of the brands product cycle and he feels there is need to re-engineer the brand afresh. Thus this research proposal aims at looking at some of the root causes for the products loss of market share as well as looking at ways that could restore the brands market share. The brand manager assumes that the reason for the decline in popularity is due to the introduction in the market of new brands of imported premium beers. Background: Lion Breweries Company launched the lion ice brand in 1993. The aim of its introduction was to compete with other brands in the ice-brewed segment of the market such as Carlton cold from Carlton breweries. This was in addition to the fact that ice-brewed beers were presumed to be a premium style of beer. Literature review: Marketing research proposals, just like many other types of research proposals need to be undertaken carefully. In writing this research proposal I have tried to emulate the laid down procedures for research proposals. Thus, I have used ideas from such scholars as Paul T. P. Wong, as well as David S. Walonick. These scholars have carefully described the art of proposal writing to its fullest both in qualitative and quantitative analysis. Methodology: In carrying out this research I have taken much emphasis in examining the best methodologies to use and I have come up with the following methodology. Firstly I have chosen the use of questionnaires that will supposedly be filled in by wholesalers and distributors. This is because these middle men have first hand information on what types and quantities of beer that retailers ask for. The questionnaires will help to determine the present demand as well as the supply available for the lion ice brand. In addition to this the questionnaires will also address the issue of pricing since it could also be a reason why people are avoiding the lion ice brand. In addition to these questionnaires there will be another set of questionnaires that retailers will be given by their distributors for them to be filled in by the consumers. This second set of questionnaires will target people’s tastes and preferences. This set will be geared towards the attainment of necessary information that will help to re brand the lion ice brand. This information will include issues of the alcoholic content, poster or logo image, bottle type amongst other factors. Since the New Zealand market is very large and given the time limitation I have decided to use snowball sampling technique. In so doing I will interview one major distributor of premium beers of selected cities. Once I have interviewed the distributor I will leave the questionnaires with him for them to be circulated by retailers. Once the forms are filled they will be returned back to the distributor as retailers replenish their stocks. The study will involve a lot of travelling as well as the use of telephone conversations from time to time. Due to time limitation I have chosen snowball sampling technique since it is easier under the circumstances. Since the research is supposed to take at most two months I have planned to spend the first three weeks randomly selecting distributors nationally who will be my primary subjects or participants. Within this period I will also issue the questionnaires for distribution. Once this is done I am hoping to use the fourth week contacting the distributors and knowing the degree of feedback. If this goes as planned I hope to spend the fifth and sixth week collecting the questionnaires as well as clarifying any disparities in the feedbacks. The seventh and eighth weeks I hope to analyze and compile my research findings and come up with the final recommendations. Results: After conducting the research and administering the questionnaires I will be looking forward to getting answers to the following questions. Firstly I will be able to know the current levels of demand and supply, I will also be able to know the best pricing strategy, the current tastes and preferences will also be known among others. Discussion: By undertaking this research I am positive that I will be able to come up with concrete answers necessary for the re-introduction of the brand into the market. However, due to time limitations the research will not be as conclusive as I would have wanted it to be. This may cause the results to deviate slightly from the actual case but the deviation will be minimal and negligible I believe. References: Edward F. McQuarrie. 2005. The Market Research Toolbox: A Concise Guide for Beginners. London: Sage Publications. Ian, Chaston; 1999. New Marketing Strategies: Evolving Flexible Processes to Fit Market Circumstance. London: Sage Publications The official lion brand website: www.lion-nathan.co.nz. Sunny, Crouch; &Matthew, Housden.2003. Marketing Research for Managers. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Â  

Prison Inmate Education - 1871 Words

The article The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning Behind Bars by Howard Gordon and Bracie Weldon (2003) studies of how prisoners receiving educations in prison reduces the recidivism rate. Gordon and Weldon studied the inmates who were participating in the educational programs at the Huttonsville Correctional Center in West Virginia and claimed that inmates who participated in the educational programs were less likely to recidivate once released back into the population as compared to inmates who did not participate in these programs (Gordon Weldon, 2003). This study provides valuable information as to the effectiveness of educational programs in prison and how they affect prisoners lives†¦show more content†¦The information provided from the study is not distorted per say, it supports their claim, but their test area is too small to make any real claims of education affecting recidivism. The article Educated Prisoners Are Less L ikely to Return to Prison by James Vacca (2004), deals with the subject of if prisoners receive the right type of educational programs in prison their risk of recidivism goes down immensely. Vacca states that Since 1990, the literature has shown that prisoners who attend educational programs while they are incarcerated are less likely to return to prison following their release (2004). Vacca cites many examples of the types of educational courses the inmates should have to help them deal with their emotions and problems. The educational programs help the inmates deal with their social skills, encourage artistic development, and teach techniques on how to deal with their emotions (Vacca, 2004). These programs would help inmates deal with the issues that put them in prison in the first place and knowing these skills can then help keep them out of prison in the future. I find these arguments to be sound because Vacca shows the research from other people all over that concurs with his o wn claims of how these programs can keep recidivism at bay (2004). He cites many examples and goes into depth about why inmates may be in prison and what these programs will do to correct their problems and turn them into a realShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Prison Facilities On The United States Correctional Facilities1518 Words   |  7 Pagesgradually changing over time. The introduction of education is one of the advantages that come from the modern day prisons. Many prisoners are now able to read and earn educational accolades which in prison. Such people as this paper has found out fit better after their jail term in the society. There are thus programs set aside in order to help prisoners gain special skills which help them to secure jobs after their sentence. Those who gain these skills in prison do not indulge in crime after coming fromRead MoreRecidivism And The Criminal Justice System1686 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently there are 2.4 million inmates in state and federal prisons across the United States. (Cullen, 2011) Each year, more than 700,000 individuals are released from state and federal prisons. Statistics indicate that more than two-thirds of state prisoners are rearrested within three years of their release and half are reincarcerated. High rates of recidivism mean more crime, more victims and more pressure on an already overburdened criminal justice system. A topic of much discussion is whatRead MoreEducation Is The Best Legacy And Most Profitable Achievement That Someone Can Have1524 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s, education is the best legacy and most profitable achievement that someone can have. Education is like a pillar that millions of people depend on even, most people believe that without education you can make it in life. Educating the prisoner has been a debate over the ages because people think that there is no life after being released from prison. Although it is not all the offender that are not educated, some eve n are professional workers, like a doctor, teacher, manager, director,Read MoreU.S. Prison Costs Essay example1610 Words   |  7 PagesU.S. Prison Costs After reading the essay, â€Å"A Homemade Education,† an autobiography of Malcolm X, I became quite curious about how many dollars America spends toward the prison system and how it affects our society. The autobiography itself covers how Malcolm X gained a homemade education simply by reading books while serving time in prison. He claimed, â€Å"I don’t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did†¦prison enabled me to study far more intensively†¦sometimes as muchRead MorePrison Corrections1450 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) houses juveniles and adults that have been convicted to state prison and provides programs and services during their incarceration to help them successfully re-enter society. Some of the services that are provided in the prison system are: substance abuse treatment, mental health care, vocational training, education and transitional aftercare housing. CDCR has 33 adult institutions, 46 conservation fire camps, nine community correctionalRead MoreEssay on Prison Inmates Should Be Allowed to Take College Courses837 Words   |  4 PagesPrison Inmates Should be Allowed to Take College Courses Tamitha Boltz Unit 6 Prison Inmates Should be Allowed to Take College Courses Prison inmates should be allowed to take college courses because an education offers a positive change for their release back into society. The education they receive will offer life skills and provide them with positive reinforcement to change their lives for the better; while restructuring the way some think and continue through life and society throughRead MoreShould Prison Programs Help Benefit Inmates1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe largest prison population in the world, with more than 2.2 million inmates in federal, local, and state prisons. Many ex-offenders struggle to â€Å"fit back in† to their communities and face many difficult obstacles in re-entering the job market. There are many programs that can help inmates with job skills, education, and cognitive skills; that way when they are released from the facility, they are able to face their communities a little more comfortably. My question is: can prison programs helpRead MoreThe Most Articulate Hustler By Malcolm X867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring his course of brief life, Malcolm X spent seven years in prison due to criminal commitment involved with the underground world of thieving, pimping, and drugs. Though he is â€Å"the most articulate hustler† – an eloquent speaker in the street, he feels frustrated at not being able to express his own thoughts and ideas he wants to convey in writing, especially in the letters to Elijah Muhammad – the Islam spiritual leader. For instance, when writing to his friends, he can’t use slangRead MoreShould Violent Drug Offenders Be Prison?1049 Words   |  5 Pagesbelong in prison. Some believe all drug offenders should be put in prison, others believe that it depends on circumstances, and, still others believe only violent drug offenders should be incarcerated. Overcrowding is one point of contention. It seems as though the slightest infraction can land a person in prison. Violence is rampant, whether inmate versus inmate or inmate versus guard. Rehabilitation or education is practically non-existent, unless an inmate teaching another inmate how to commitRead MoreTheories And Rehabilitation Of The Criminological Theory Book By Frank Williams IIi And Marilyn D. Mcshane Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesantisocial behavior that we can use as guidelines to provide the proper rehabilitation programs for prison inmates. Each of these three theories is implicated in some way with rehabilitation of criminals. 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A Rose For A Slave Girl By Harriett Jacobs Essay - 1260 Words

Jacobs, Harriet A., Lydia Maria Child, and Jean Fagan. Yellin. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1987. Print. Incidents in the life of a slave girl, is the authors autobiography of slavery. This book by Harriett Jacobs tells her story through her eyes from the suffering of enslavement by a territorial master, failed attempts to escape, and preservation of her family. These events took place between 1813-1897 in North Carolina, where slaves were property and slave owners did what they wanted; when they wanted with their property. She explains her cruel treatment as an African American slave and how she used her sexuality to her advantage against her master. In reviewing this book, Jacobs failed to go into great detail about her intimate slave-master relationship. She pacified her enslavement, by presenting little to no information about the slaves’ hardships in depth. She was not as descriptive nor did the book highlight the main parts of slavery. Harriet Jacobs was born in North Carolina, along with her younger brother, William. Born as a slave, their mother and father died when she was young. Her grandmother raised the siblings and Jacobs worked for a mistress, Mrs. Margaret, where she was taught how to read and write. Mrs. Margaret was the little girls’ first mistress and she worked hard for her until she passed way when she was twelve years old. In hopes of being freed; Mrs. Margaret left her to Dr.Show MoreRelatedSlavery During The 19th Century1780 Words   |  8 Pagesin the 19th century. When most people hear the word slave, they picture an African American held in bondage by an English slave holder. While this may be an accurate description for many cases, a lot of different ethnic groups would paint a different picture. When the Spanish first came to America, they saw the natives as their tickets to the riches of the new world. As their greed for wealth and agricultural demand rose, the demand for slaves also began to increase. Although, as time began to revealRead MoreIroquois Confederacy9092 Words   |  37 Pagesin North Carolina, moved into the territory occupied by the Confederacy. They had rebelled against the encroachment of colonial settlers, against continual fraudulent treatment by traders, and against repeated raids that took their people for the slave trade. They suffered a terrible defeat, with hundreds of their people killed and hundreds more enslaved. Those who escaped such fates made their way north and became the sixth nation of the Iroquois Leag ue. The first half of the eighteenth century